Simulating methane emission from a Chinese rice field as influenced by fertilizer and water level     

Z. Yu  X. Shangguan  D. Pollard  E. J. Barron 《水文研究》2003,17(17):3485-3501

Natural and agricultural wetlands are considered to be the major sources of global atmospheric methane (CH₄). A one‐dimensional model was developed to simulate methane emission and used to examine the influence of various physical processes on the rate of methane emission. Three processes involved in the methane emission are implemented in the model: production, reoxidation and transport. Three transport pathways were considered: diffusion across water–air or soil–air interfaces, ebullition and diffusion through plants. These pathways are influenced by soil properties, plant growth, water‐table conditions, temperature and external inputs (e.g. fertilizer). The model was used to examine the seasonal variation of the methane emission at a rice field in Hunan, China, which was observed during a field experiment for consecutive (early and late) rice seasons in 1992. The observed seasonal variations of methane emission, and role of plants in transporting methane to the atmosphere, are captured by the model simulation. Further model applications were conducted to simulate effects of fertilizer and water‐level condition on the methane emission. The results indicate that unfermented organic fertilizer produces a higher methane emission rate than mineral fertilizer. The simulations with treatments of a deep‐water covering and constant moisture reduced the methane emission. The rice field study provides a framework for further development of the model towards simulations based on spatially distributed variables (e.g. water table, soil temperature and vegetation) at a regional scale. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Is Precipitation the Dominant Controlling Factor of High Inorganic Nitrogen Content in the Changjiang River and Its Mouth？   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

沈志良 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2003,21(4):368-376

The main reasons for the high content of inorganic N and its increase by several times in the Changjiang River and its mouth during the last 40 years were analysed in this work. The inorganic N in precipitation in the Changjiang River catchment mainly comes from gaseous loss of fertilizer N, N resulting from the increases of population and livestock, and from high temperature combustions of fossil fuels. N from precipitation is the first N source in the Changjiang River water and the only direct cause of high content of inorganic N in the Changjiang River and its mouth. The lost N in gaseous form and from agriculture non-point sources fertilizer comprised about 60% of annual consumption of fertilizer N in the Changjiang River catchment and were key factors controlling the high content of inorganic N in the Changjiang River mouth. The fate of the N in precipitation and other N sources in the Changjiang River catchment are also discussed in this paper.  相似文献   

Net Energy Payback and CO2 Emissions from Three Midwestern Wind Farms: An Update     

Scott W. White 《Natural Resources Research》2006,15(4):271-281

This paper updates a life-cycle net energy analysis and carbon dioxide emissions analysis of three Midwestern utility-scale wind systems. Both the Energy Payback Ratio (EPR) and CO₂ analysis results provide useful data for policy discussions regarding an efficient and low-carbon energy mix. The EPR is the amount of electrical energy produced for the lifetime of the power plant divided by the total amount of energy required to procure and transport the materials, build, operate, and decommission the power plants. The CO₂ analysis for each power plant was calculated from the life-cycle energy input data. A previous study also analyzed coal and nuclear fission power plants. At the time of that study, two of the three wind systems had less than a full year of generation data to project the life-cycle energy production. This study updates the analysis of three wind systems with an additional four to eight years of operating data. The EPR for the utility-scale wind systems ranges from a low of 11 for a two-turbine system in Wisconsin to 28 for a 143-turbine system in southwestern Minnesota. The EPR is 11 for coal, 25 for fission with gas centrifuge enriched uranium and 7 for gaseous diffusion enriched uranium. The normalized CO₂ emissions, in tonnes of CO₂ per GW_eh, ranges from 14 to 33 for the wind systems, 974 for coal, and 10 and 34 for nuclear fission using gas centrifuge and gaseous diffusion enriched uranium, respectively.  相似文献   

硅酸盐细菌解钾作用机理的综合效应   总被引：44，自引：5，他引：44  

连宾  傅平秋  莫德明  刘丛强 《矿物学报》2002,22(2):179-183

硅酸盐细菌能释放土壤含钾硅酸盐矿物中的磷、钾、硅等元素，直接供给植物生长利用，同时亦具有固氮能力。这为挖掘土壤潜在肥力、发展可持续农业提供了一条新的思路。本文分析了硅酸盐细菌对钾长石、伊利石的解钾作用过程，细菌-矿物复合体的形成，细菌对矿物的溶蚀作用，矿物晶体结构与细菌的解钾作用关系，复合体微环境的变化对细菌解钾作用的影响以及细菌对K^ 的主动吸收等，从微生物矿物学的角度讨论了硅酸盐细菌对含钾硅酸盐矿物解钾作用的机理问题，提出了硅酸盐细菌解钾作用综合效应的看法，并就农业生产上的利用问题指出，应根据当地的土壤环境，选择适宜的生产菌种和吸附剂，并配合使用其它化学肥料和有机肥料。  相似文献   

中国化肥利用率的区域分异   总被引：77，自引：2，他引：77  

陈同斌  曾希柏  胡清秀 《地理学报》2002,57(5):531-538

据全国各县近10年的化肥施用量和粮食产量数据，并从不同年份单位播种面积粮食产量和肥料施用量的变化，求出相应不施肥产量和通过施肥可能达到的最高产量，并以上述结果为基础计算出该地区化肥利用率，研究结果表明：当前我国化肥施用的地区差异明显，施用量较集中范围是180－270kg/hm^2和90－180kg/hm^2，部分地区的化肥施用已经过量；单位化肥的粮食产出率主要集中在10－30kg/kg，化肥利用率大多集中在15％－35％，且与化肥施用量有关，按地区统计，高施肥量区化肥施用明显过量，平均达339kg/hm^2，是全国平均用量（262kg/hm^2)的1．29倍，中施肥量区单位面积化肥平均施用量为252kg/hm^2，略低于全国平均水平，低施肥量区则仅为178kg/hm^2，是全国平均的67．8％，我国单位化肥的生产效率及化肥利用率均以低施肥量区最高，分别为17．5kg/kg和39．8％，中施肥量区为13．7和36。  相似文献   

滇池农村固体废物和化肥流失治理试验研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

戴丽  郭慧光  汤承彬  罗丽 《云南地理环境研究》2002,14(2):70-79

怎样合理处置农村固体废物和减少农田化肥流失一直是农村面源污染控制的难题之一。该研究将农村固体废物的处理与减少化肥施用措施有机结合，利用微生物复合发酵剂和农村固体废物生产活性肥料，开展了一系列农业种植试验和数据监测，在此基础上，提出了一套实用性强、效果好的控制农业固体废物和化肥流失污染的对策措施。  相似文献   

长效钾肥产业化与农业可持续发展     

钱发军  赵凤兰  邓挺  刘夏茹  豆来平 《地域研究与开发》2003,22(2):67-69

我国钾肥需求量逐年增加，80％需要进口，但同时又有大量的低品位非水溶性钾矿资源没有利用，利用非水溶性钾矿生产长效钾肥既能缓解钾肥短缺的矛盾，又可以解决普通钾肥对环境的污染和破坏。长效钾肥原料分布广，生产和施用技术简单，成本低，易于推广普及形成产业化，其对农业可持续发展将会产生重要的促进作用。  相似文献   

新疆罗布泊超大型卤水钾矿发现20年     

宣之强 《化工矿产地质》2016,(1):60-64

"罗布泊超大型卤水鉀矿"的发现,是中国众多地学科学家40年探寻预测的。王弭力研究员及其团队,于1995年秋首次踏进罗布泊"罗北凹地",当年找到4356万t优质卤水鉀矿;经五年科研和勘探,查明儲量达2.5亿t、为超大型卤水鉀矿。理论创新,成为完成科硏和勘探的关键,加速了百万吨级"罗钾公司"硫酸钾肥生产成功投产。古丝绸之路上生命回归、一颗新星"罗布泊"镇诞生,"百年罗钾"资源保障科研探钾即将启动,中国几代"钾盐人"的梦想成真。  相似文献   

Compression limit state of HVAC submarine cables     

《Applied Ocean Research》2016

An industry accepted standard does not currently exist for determination of compression limits in a subsea cable. This has resulted in most manufacturers specifying that subsea cables are not permitted to be axially loaded in compression.Additionally industry guidance does not exist regarding the consequences of inducing compression forces within subsea cables and the resulting effect on cable integrity. Industry recommended practice and guidance also does not have any information regarding experimental test arrangements to determine allowable compression levels within a subsea cable. This lack of modelling/testing guidance along with manufacturer recommendations of zero compressive loads within subsea cables results in overly conservative and restrictive design parameters for subsea cable installation and use.Due to the complex interaction within a subsea cable structure, such as contact interaction and friction between cable strands, theoretical modelling has been unable to provide reliable stress predictions and therefore an experimental testing regime is required if compression limits within the cable are to be appropriately determined. This paper describes combined axial and bending test arrangements that can be used as a guideline for determination of allowable compression limits for subsea cables.  相似文献   

Effects of heavy metal (Pb) concentration on some growth parameters of plants grown in lead polluted soil under organic fertilizer amendment     

Ojo M. Oseni  Adekunle A. Adelusi  Esther O. Da  Abdulfatai B. Rufai 《寒旱区科学》2016,8(1):36-45

This study investigated morphological variation and biomass accumulation that occurred in Sida acuta and Chromolaena odorata plants grown in lead polluted soil under organic fertilizer amendment. The study was carried out in the screen house at the Biological Gardens of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State. The experiment was a factorial combination of one heavy metal (Pb) at five levels of concentration (0, 200, 400, 800 and 1,000 mg/kg) in a completely randomized design, and were replicated three times for each of the two plants and two levels (0 g/kg and 9.4 g/kg) of organic fertilizer (OBD-Plus). Each pot was filled with 5 kg of air-dried and sieved soil and placed on a plastic tray for the collection of excess water. Two weeks after planting, seedlings of uniform height were transplanted from the nursery to experimental pots at the rate of one seedling per pot and grown for 10 weeks. The growth parameters of the plants were biomonitored for 7 weeks. After 10 weeks of treatment, the plants were harvested and dried to calculate the biomass accumulation. The two plant species performed better under fertilizer application than without it. For each of the plant species the growth parameters decreased as the levels of Pb concentration increased. Furthermore, the plants' biomass decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the levels of Pb concentration increased. The organic fertilizer helped to improve the plants' performance in lead-polluted soil.  相似文献